{"id":78,"date":"2016-04-23T13:28:23","date_gmt":"2016-04-23T11:28:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.naval-encyclopedia.com\/?page_id=78"},"modified":"2016-04-23T13:28:23","modified_gmt":"2016-04-23T11:28:23","slug":"ww1-warships","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dbodesign.com\/fleets-ww1.php","title":{"rendered":"Warships of the Great War"},"content":{"rendered":"
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WW1 Fleets and battles<\/h2>\n

The Great War at sea is often brushed aside, overshadowed by the western front trench warfare or the daring do of WW1 pilots. But war raged at sea neverthless, from the early hours of 1914 to the dying hours of 1918 and beyond, in the wake of the Russian Revolution and civil war. Battles and sirmishes went on from the North sea to the Baltic, the Channel to the Atlantic, north and south, the Mediterranean, the Black sea and even the Pacific. At least ten fleets did take part, the immense majority in the entente side. I hope this portal page and the many fleets studies, battles studies and tech associated will help rectify this common belief.<\/p>\n

Overview: Before the war<\/h2>\n

This section is dedicated to World War I Warships of all fleets, covering all the belligerents in 1914 and operations during the four years between the assassination of the Archduke of Austria in August 1914 to the Armistice in November 1918. Battles and naval actions, short biographies, illustrated by hundreds of illustrations, photos, detailed specifications, and dedicated maps.<\/p>\n

Latest WW1 ships<\/strong>
\n[catlist name=”ww1-warships” numberposts=100 orderby=”title” order=”ASC”]<\/p>\n

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Although naval operations have been somewhat less extensive than during the next war, they have nevertheless been at the center of important and sometimes decisive events and raged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the North Sea. In 1914, the largest naval power was undoubtedly the British pride, her majesty’s Royal Navy. Confirmed and maintained at the highest level by the will of Queen Victoria and her advisers, the Royal Navy grow from uncertain equality with the French and Spanish fleets to at unchallenged supremacy. In fact the whole XIXth Century’s “Pax britannica” started after the Napoleonic era, to endure until the first world war, almost one century year for year. This fleet was instrumental to gain or maintain a huge world colonial empire upon which the sun “never sets”.<\/p>\n

\"ww1<\/p>\n

With the industrial revolution began the long “Victorian era”, the golden age of the British Empire. Through technological edge, numbers, and training, the Royal Navy was superior even to almost all combined fleets in the world, all possible alliances, as an invincible colossus. By inventing the concept of the dreadnought and the battle cruiser in 1905, she obliged other nations to line up in a costly, exhausting and unprecedented arm’s race. With “entente cordiale”<\/em>, France, the former arch-enemy was turned to an uneasy ally. The bond was already created against a common enemy, Russia, by the Crimean War in the 1850s. In the twentieth century, this would be the ally of choice for Great Britain on the continent.<\/p>\n

Another former enemy turned ally, Russia, still had in 1905 the third fleet in the world, divided between the Baltic, Arctic and Black Sea. But the bleeding she suffered against the Japanese Navy deprived her of half its force, and fed a growing discontent that would have serious consequences in 1917… Japan in 1914 reached the peak of its development, showing the most powerful naval force in the Pacific. Repeated success against China and Russia gave the naval staff an almost blind confidence in their superiority, acute learners from an unsurpassed master, the English Navy.<\/p>\n


\nThe home fleet, Spithead review 1914.<\/em><\/p>\n

The only power capable of blocking the British to reach out the Pacific, the United States, evolved in fifteen years from a small fleet, even inferior (on paper) to the Spanish Fleet, to a “Great White Fleet” second to none, following the precepts of the great American naval theorician, tactician Alfred T. Mahan. Under his influence the “hawks” well represented by T. Roosevelt tried to move away the opinion largely following the more isolationist current led by Wilson, until the Lusitania was sunk, combined with other aggravating factors.<\/p>\n

In the Mediterranean, Italy as a unified nation from the kingdoms of Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy, was recent and the peninsula was still behind technologically. Nonetheless, it had in 1914 a powerful fleet and talented engineers, as Cuniberti, the man who inspired the English in their blowing the Dreadnought. But Italy was rivalry since independence, hard won in the Austro-Hungarian empire, heir to the Habsburg and now colossus with feet of clay to two-headed executive, continental power disparate peoples still maintained by a bloated administration. Its navy was reduced to the Adriatic because of its only access to the Illyrian coast as the harbor of Pola.<\/p>\n

Austro-Hungary ally and adversary of the past, heir to the Prussian empire, was under the firm grasps of the German Hohenzollern, a second Reich led by Wilhelm II (The first was forged by the great German unification architect, Bismarck). Claiming legitimacy towards the Holy Roman German Empire, Wilhelm’s family ties with Queen Victoria, perhaps a familial rivalry, perhaps child’s great naval reviews souvenirs, personal ambition and great designs for the Reich, had led him the will, if not the urge, to forge a similar fleet than the Royal Navy. This was achieved in the span of twenty years, as in 1914, the Hochseeflotte was ranked third in the world’s military tonnage. In the context of a declared rivalry in the North Sea, it was all the more formidable opponent for old Albion.<\/p>\n

\"SMS
\nSeydlitz photo, a symbol of the Kaiser’s mighty fleet in 1914.<\/em><\/div>\n

The last member of this triple alliance was no less surprising: The old enemy of Christianity and “sick man of Europe”, Turkey. Opponent of Austria-Hungary since Charles V, the tired Ottoman Empire was reduced to its smallest component in Asia Minor, East and Southern Balkans, but now restricted to Turkey. Tts naval forces, far less impressive than in the 1860-70s, was firmly entrenched behind the Bosphorus strait. In 1914 this fragile balance was shattered.<\/p>\n

If most major clashes occurred between the Hochseeflotte and Royal Navy, the Italians were pitted against the Austro-Hungarians, allies against the Turks, Russians against the Turks and the Germans were the oppositions of this war. The overwhelming superiority of the allies compounded with the arrival of the American fleet in 1917, would maintain a relative naval inaction for Triple Alliance navies. However the Battle-cruiser concept was first bloodied and well-battle tested. Trading speed over protection it was at the forefront of most major engagements of the war, including a superb showdown at Jutland, and will inspire the fast battleship concept in the 1930s. The submarine also became a response to a massive blockade, attacking civilian ships of all sizes like great liners, as well as the first aircraft carrier operations, in 1918. In many ways, and to a much lesser extent, this war “invented” concepts that changed naval warfare for ever.<\/p>\n

The assassination of Archduke Franz Joseph of Austria, June 28, 1914 by Serbian Anarchist Gavrilo Prinzip (Taken from newspaper “illustration”).
\nHistorians are still dumbfounded before the unstoppable gear that brought the ruling houses and major powers of Europe at each other throats in August 1914. There is the strong will of Germany under Prussian rule, arrived in the naval race after the unification in 1870, and combining explosive factors such as a growing population, economical boom, an industrial powerhouse, and an ambitious militaristic regime which worried the two old western Democracies of the entente cordiale<\/em>, France and the UK.<\/p>\n

France after the loss of Alsace-Lorraine following the defeat of 1870, had the will to take revenge and weary generations ready to take arms in 1914. The withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans and the independence of these countries will arouse the envy of neighboring states. This “powder keg” saw each small state trying to renegotiate borders, taking an even more ominous turn with the alliance of these to various major European powers. At the beginning of the century were therefore created the Triple Entente<\/strong> (France, UK and Russia) and the triple alliance<\/strong> of the “Central Powers” (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).<\/p>\n

The spark is of course the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Duchess of Hohenberg by an anarchist young Serb, Gavrilo Prinzip (photo) on June 28, 1914. Austria-Hungary investigation was refused by Serbia on grounds of National sovereignty. On July 28, after expiration of an ultimatum of 48 hours, the Austrian army opened fire and attacked. Serbia held it ground after initial defeats, confident to be supported by Russia, which on 30 June mobilized its troops and mass them on the border.<\/p>\n

On June, 31, The Kaiser asked “his cousin” the czar to abandon the Serbs and the French to not support the Russians. Following the refusal of both countries, the Reich declare mobilization (which was enthusiastically responded). In August 3, after invading Luxembourg and threatening Belgium, the Reich declared war on France. Following the invasion of neutral Belgium, The British Empire issued an ultimatum to Wilhelm II, which rejects it, and on August, 5 in the morning declared war on Germany. Japan will follow some time later. <\/p>\n

The masterfully executed Schlieffen Plan was stopped by on the Marne and the war turned from mobility to a four years protracted trench warfare. From that moment the western front became a static meat grinder, a giant industrial furnace devouring the youth of millions throughout Europe, from the Alps to the North Sea. Both sides launched massive operations in turn: In 1915 the French in Artois and Champagne, the Germans at Verdun, and the British at the Somme in 1916. On the seas, there was also some form of stalemate as no great naval battle occurred before Jutland in May 1916, the sole occasion for battleships to exchange fire, as previous engagements always opposed faster ships, battle cruisers and cruisers.<\/p>\n


\nRoyal Irish Rifles ration party at the Somme in July 1916. The looks and faces tells everything.<\/em><\/p>\n

In October 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the belligerents of the Triple Alliance. In 1915, Italy, which waited and observed events decided to flip sides and entered the side of the Triple Entente (over promises of territorial gains). The Regia Marina found in the Austro-Hungarian navy a worthy opponent. On the Russian front, Hindenburg inflicted serious defeats to the Czar’s Army starting at Tannenberg on 30 August 1914, and its offensive knew no respite, if not Russian winter that froze positions of two camps. The Allies then attempted a diversion in the “soft underbelly” of Europe at the initiative of the 1st Lord of Admiralty Sir Winston Churchill, attempting a landing at Gallipoli in the Dardanelles in 1915.<\/p>\n

The plan was to swiftly outing the Ottoman Empire from the war, threatening the Austro-Hungarians and Germans from the south. But the landing was a bloody fiasco, Turkish troops prepared by German officers and led by Mustapha Kemal (future “Ataturk” resisting fiercely). In the Atlantic, U-Bootes launched a major offensive to try to severe communications between the old and new world. In 1917, “total war”, unrestricted, resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania, which was instrumental for the Americans to go to war. However it’s only in April 1917, on the cry of “Lafayette here we are” that these troops arrived in Europe relieving the battle-weary Allied, and their presence was found quite helpful after the October Revolution (and Russia’s separate peace), as German troops were rushing from the eastern front.<\/p>\n

The entry introduction of tanks, better aviation, better coordination, assault troops, new tactics (introduced by the Canadians on the allied side) and most insidious weapons such as mustard gas, still did not resolved the issue. At sea in May 1916 Jutland, did not concretely led to a decisive victory of either side and condemned the Hochseeflotte to inaction until the end in, moored in the Baltic. On the Atlantic, submarine warfare although devastating at the start, run out of breath as the allies multiplied the escorts and refined their ASW tactics, then joined by all the might of the US Navy. On the western front, from May to June 1918, Allies now reinforced in materials and men launched a major offensive (following the defeat of the German spring offensive). Exhausted and demoralized German troops are badly shaken and for the first time the deadlock ends, armies are mobile again.<\/p>\n


\nBattle of Jutland. Damaged SMS Seydlitz. Propaganda of the time comparing losses of both sides claimed it a clear-cut German victory<\/em><\/p>\n

In Berlin, war weariness added to famine provoked by the Blockade benefit led to widespread agitation from anarchists and Bolsheviks. Finally, the Emperor is forced to abdicate. This “stab in the back”, obliged the general staff on the western front to the humiliation of a capitulation at Rethondes in November. Following the armistice conditions, the German High Seas Fleet, unscathed, is forced to sail under close guard of the Royal Navy to be interned in Scapa Flow, in the Orkney Islands. After a brief mutiny attempt, the entire fleet scuttle itself in June 1919 to avoid capture. A new chapter starts for Europe, and many untreated wounds, intransigence, together with a worldwide economical crisis in 1929 will degenerate into a new, even more destructive world war twenty years after…<\/p>\n

The World’s Fleets and WW1 warships<\/h2>\n

According to the excellent “Conways all the world fighting ships” book most of the registered navies at the eve of the great war did not had any battleship in service, but cruisers and possibly gunboats which were the most common type of “pocket cruiser” a small Navy can afford. Most cruisers were of British origin and most often from the Vickers-Armstrong giant Industrial Consortium. One of these dominated all charts: The unchallenged Royal Nay, first “super-navy” fit for a great industrial nation, largest colonial empire and global superpower. It was calculated to be as powerful as the two next largest fleets worldwide.<\/p>\n

There was a seemingly endless list of capital ships, from the most recent battlecruisers to the old third-rate pre-dreadnoughts. The Queen Elisabeth class<\/a> introduced shortly before and during the war was a brand new league in battleship development, introducing greater speeds and oil burning boilers, plus a heavier artillery at 15-inches (380 mm). By 1939, in comparison, and although still impressive, the Royal Navy had roughly four times less battleships and cruisers in service, a reminder of how these ranks can fluctuate in a few years. Here are roughly in terms of tonnage the nations and navies of 1914-1918, which will be soon accessible from their flag (work in progress).<\/p>\n

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A greatly unequal balance<\/h3>\n

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The fundamental aspect to retain about WWI naval power balance is that the Central Empires may have been powerful on land (all three were twice as large as UK and France combined), but they were inferior in 1914 (the French and British Navies were clearly dominating the German and Austro-Hungarian fleets respectively and the Ottoman navy was a joke), and completely dwarved in 1915 (Italy entered war with the entente) and even so 1917 (the US fleet joins in). Don’t forget that in the far east, Japan enters war against the entente as well.<\/p>\n

In WW2 however things were not that clear-cut, in fact they looked dire: Both Italy and Japan was now part of the axis and the USSR seemed also on their side following crucial agreements at the start of the war. If France could match, with UK, the Regia Marina in the Mediterranean and the RN dvarved the Kriegsmarine, things were not as rosy as it seemed. France capitulated in June and the Navy was neutralized, leaving the RN alone to fend off the combined Kriesgmarine and its growing sub fleet, and the Regia Marina in the Mediterranean, and did pretty well.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, after the Summer 1941 Barabarossa attack, the Soviet Navy was now on its side, but it was a negligible contribution. It was quickly dealt by the Luftwaffe and its assets could do little in what a land war essentially. Outside the skirmishes in the Baltic and Black sea, some sorties on the Pacific against the Japanese, these actions were not on the scale of the Atlantic and Pacific, far from it.<\/p>\n

On the latter chapter, the December 1941 seemed a blessing for the allied cause: The US, provoked, entered war against the axis, with the “hitler-first” policy. However of prospects for the allies seems bright as they both underestimated the Japanese, the situation looked grim. Indeed, after the bulk of US capital ships, the whole pacific fleet disappeared, there were still the whole of USN cruisers and aircraft carriers plus destroyers and submarines to wage war.<\/p>\n


Dreadnought Forces Compared and naval arms race<\/em><\/p>\n

After a serie of catastrophic defeats or pyrrhic victories, until June 1942 with Midway and the Solomons campaign, so in the spring of 1943 the situation definitively shifted to the advantage of the US which industrial might eventually crushed the Japanese, but after two more years of gruelling fight.<\/p>\n

A contrario in WWI, the situation at sea was quickly resolved to the relative advantage of the entente: Thanks to the Japanese attacking in the far east the powerful German east asia squadron, forced to fleet, and several engagements early in the war (Coronel and the Falklands), it was eliminated and its remaining vessels hunted down. The Ottoman fleet were greatly reinforced by the surprise acquisition of Souchon’s Mediterranean squadron and were now a match for the Russian Black sea fleet, athough the latter was superior. In the north sea, there were a serie of engagements destined to draw out a portion of the RN in open battle, a tactic that changed little until Jutland in 1916. In between, German deployed submersibles, minefields and airships for reconnaissance, while the British Royal Navy soon obtained crucial intel via room 40 and maintained a tactical advantage, while effectively blockading Germany.<\/p>\n

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In the Adriatic, the French Navy was infintely superior to the Austro-Hungarian Navy and the great unknown remained the position of Italy, which was secured in April 1915. From there, this burden lifted, Churchill convinced France to join a combined Crimean-style landing operation in the Dardanelles, as it was thought taking the Ottoman Empire out of the war would be easy. It was not. After the debacle, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, more active until then, was effectively blockaded until the end of the war by the Otranto barrage and the only battles were merely skirmishes involving cruisers and destroyers. After gaining surprising victories with mines, the Ottoman Navy was less active until the end of the war in the Black sea and completely unable to access the aegean due to the entente, which also forced Greece to takes sides.<\/p>\n

The “blockade” was also true for the Germans. After Jutland, both sides decided to remain prudent. The Germans unleashed instead a submarine warfare to counter the British blockade, which in 1917 was seemingly succeeding as ASW warfare was in its infancy. But the torpedoing of Lusitania and other events forced the hand of the US which joined forces in April 1917, unleashing the might of the USN in the Atlantic and lauching an unprecedented naval program, also civilian. Their combined forces eventually contained German’s submarine campaign until the end of the war, but losses, if impresive at first between Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri\u00e8re hunting board and Otto Weddigen three cruiser sunk the same day never globally equalled the tonnage sunk in WW2.<\/p>\n

Also unique to WWI, the wholesale mutiny (which crippled the last attempt of a major naval battle) and later massive internement of the Hochseeflotte, and its scuttling, were a first in naval history. All in all, this conflict was full of newly gained knowledged about naval warfare, including the importance of submarines and ASW warfare, but nothing could have prepared the admiraklies for the discovery of naval power, of all three weapons, the one that earned all the glory in WW2, in contrast with WW1 which was mostly a boots-on-the-ground conflict. Air operations were in their infancy and only the British woefully embraced it. Apart some spectactular demonstrations of air bombing on ships in the interwar, most admiralties still thought seaplane or aircraft carrier were there to support the fleet by reconnaissance. Only wargames of the 1930s made it clear for the three big naval air powers of the time, Britain, the US and Japan, that it could potentially be a game changer, especially since the rapid progress in aviation, and payload.<\/p>\n

1st Battle of the Atlantic<\/h2>\n

Context<\/h3>\n

Certainly the longest \u201cbattle\u201d of the war, it was a grinding attrition match localized in an immense theater, the Atlantic. However in scale and scope it pales in comparison to the second one, twenty years later between 1940 and 1945 at least on a statistical point of view. There are many comparisons to draw from this, but most of the tactics and armament types used during WW2 were pioneered or tested in WW1. On the strategic level, naval blockade was always a relatively successful way to cut the bloodlines of any warring nations. Constrained by its access to the North sea via the Skagerrak strait and therefore trapped in the Baltic, the German Empire only had limited naval forces overseas, unable to turn the tide. Whereas the Graf Spee squadron made a gallant fight, in 1915, there was almost virtually no German armed vessel left outside the Baltic. So from the allied point of view, a naval blockade seemed relatively easy to enforce. In the Mediterranean for Austria-Hungary the situation was the same, with a fleet virtually trapped into Pola, the Adriatic being closed and well guarded by the Allies. So in short, the way chosen by the German admiralty to counter this blockade was through commerce warfare, first by Graf Spee\u2019s surface ships, and then through submarines, the dreaded German U-boats.<\/p>\n


\nWilly St\u00f6wer painting about U-boats<\/strong><\/p>\n

Submarine warfare strategy<\/h3>\n

The latter played two potential roles: Either starve Great Britain to submission by cutting off all trade routes throughout the Empire converging to the British isles, or be used to create a trap for the pursuing British Home Fleet. U-Boats had a crucial advantages in this context indeed: By 1914 submarine warfare was an unknown quantity. This concept has never been tested and submarines capabilities not really known. One event will change everything: On 22 September 1914, Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Otto Weddigen from U9 torpedoed and sink in succession three British armoured cruisers, HMS Hogue, Cressy and Aboukir. From then on, no warship, big or small, was immune against this sneaky threat. Despite having relatively few submarines in 1914, the germans quickly grasped all the potentual of this new weapon and gradually accelerated the pace of construction, even slowing down surface ships constructions. By the end of the war, they had been cranking up 630 submarines. It was about half the production during WW2, but still, if these numbers has been available at the beginning of the war, the battle of the Atlantic could have been won in a matter of months, perhaps in 1915.<\/p>\n

German surface commerce raiders<\/h4>\n

Another part of this titanic struggle was the use of commerce raiders, led by respectable but heavily armed civilian ships, wolves disguised as sheeps. Just like the WW2 German raiders of the Kriegsmarine, these German commerce raiders also acted as blocus runners.<\/p>\n

Fleets<\/h3>\n

\"French<\/a>\"UK<\/a>\"US<\/a>\"Rosskiy<\/a>\"Italian<\/a>\"Japanese<\/a>\"Austro-Hungarian<\/a>\"German<\/a>\"Ottoman<\/a>\"Argentinian<\/a>\"Brazilian<\/a>\"Bulgarian<\/a>\"Chilian<\/a>\"Chinese<\/a>\"Cuban<\/a>\"Danish<\/a>\"Spanish<\/a>\"Greek<\/a>\"Dutch<\/a>\"Norwegian<\/a>\"Peruvian<\/a>\"Portuguese<\/a>\"Romanian<\/a>\"Swedish<\/a>\"Thai<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

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Fleets in detail and upcoming posts<\/h3>\n

☉ Entente Fleets<\/h4>\n

\"US US Navy<\/a><\/strong>
\nWW1 American Battleships<\/a>
\nUSS Texas (1891)<\/a>
\nUSS Iowa (1896)<\/a>
\nIndiana class battleships (1898)<\/a>
\nKearsage class battleships (1898)<\/a>
\nIllinois class (1898)<\/a>
\nMaine class (1901)<\/a>
\nVirginia class (1904)<\/a>
\nConnecticut class (1905)<\/a>
\nMississippi class (1906)<\/a>
\nSouth Carolina class battleships (1908)<\/a>
\nDelaware class battleships (1909)<\/a>
\nFlorida class battleships (1910)<\/a>
\nArkansas class battleships (1911)<\/a>
\nNew York class Battleships (1912)<\/a>
\nNevada class Battleships (1914)<\/a>
\nPennsylvania class (1915)<\/a>
\nNew Mexico class battleships (1917)<\/a>
\nTennessee class battleships (1919)<\/a>
\nColorado class battleships (1920)<\/a>
\nSouth Dakota class battleships (1920)<\/a>
\nLexington class battlecruisers (1921)<\/a><\/p>\n

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WW1 US Cruisers<\/a>
\nAtlanta class (1885)<\/a>
\nUSS Chicago (1885)<\/a>
\nUSS Charleston (1887)<\/a>
\nBaltimore class (1888)<\/a>
\nUSS Philadelphia (1889)<\/a>
\nUSS San Francisco (1889)<\/a>
\nUSS Newark (1890)<\/a>
\nUSS New York (1891)<\/a>
\nMontgomery class (1891)<\/a>
\nUSS Olympia (1892)<\/a>
\nCincinatti class (1892)<\/a>
\nColumbia class (1893)<\/a>
\nUSS Brooklyn (1895)<\/a>
\nNew Orleans class (1896)<\/a>
\nUSS Maine (1896)<\/a>
\nDenver class (1902)<\/a>
\nPittsburg (Pennslvania) class (1903)<\/a>
\nSt Louis class (1904)<\/a>
\nMemphis (Tennessee) class (1904)<\/a>
\nChester class (1907)<\/a>
\nOmaha class (1920)<\/a><\/p>\n

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WW1 USN Destroyers<\/a>
\nAmerican Torpedo Boats (1885-1901)<\/a>
\nWW1 USN Gunboats<\/a>
\nWW1 USN Monitors<\/a>
\nWW1 American Submarines<\/a>
\nWW1 USN Armed Merchant cruisers<\/a>
\nWW1 USN armed Yachts<\/a>
\nEagle Boats (1918)<\/a>
\nSC 110 ft (1917)<\/a>
\nShawmut class minelayers (1907)<\/a>
\nBird class minesweepers (1917)<\/a><\/p>\n

\"British Royal Navy<\/a><\/strong> WW1 British Battleships<\/a>
\nCenturion class (1892)<\/a>
\nMajestic class (1894)<\/a>
\nCanopus class (1897)<\/a>
\nFormidable class (1898)<\/a>
\nLondon class (1899)<\/a>
\nDuncan class (1901)<\/a>
\nKing Edward VII class (1903)<\/a>
\nSwiftsure class (1903)<\/a>
\nLord Nelson class (1906)<\/a>
\nHMS Dreadnought (1906)<\/a>
\nBellorophon class (1907)<\/a>
\nSt Vincent class (1908)<\/a>
\nHMS Neptune (1909)<\/a>
\nColossus class (1910)<\/a>
\nOrion class (1911)<\/a>
\nKing George V class (1911)<\/a>
\nIron Duke class (1912)<\/a>
\nQueen Elizabeth class (1913)<\/a>
\nHMS Canada (1913)<\/a>
\nHMS Agincourt (1913)<\/a>
\nHMS Erin (1915)<\/a>
\nRevenge class (1915)<\/a>
\nN3 class (1920)<\/a><\/p>\n

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WW1 British Battlecruisers<\/a>
\n Invincible class (1907)<\/a>
\n Indefatigable class (1909)<\/a>
\nLion class (1910)<\/a>
\n HMS Tiger (1913)<\/a>
\nRenown class (1916)<\/a>
\nCourageous class (1916)<\/a>
\nG3 class (1918)<\/a><\/p>\n

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ww1 British cruisers<\/a>
\nBlake class (1889)<\/a>
\nEdgar class (1890)<\/a>
\nPowerful class (1895)<\/a>
\nDiadem class (1896)<\/a>
\nCressy class (1900)<\/a>
\nDrake class (1901)<\/a>
\nMonmouth class (1901)<\/a>
\nDevonshire class (1903)<\/a>
\nDuke of Edinburgh class (1904)<\/a>
\nWarrior class (1905)<\/a>
\nMinotaur class (1906)<\/a>
\nHawkins class (1917)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Apollo class (1890)<\/a>
\nAstraea class (1893)<\/a>
\nEclipse class (1894)<\/a>
\nArrogant class (1896)<\/a>
\nPelorus class (1896)<\/a>
\nHighflyer class (1898)<\/a>
\nGem class (1903)<\/a>
\nAdventure class (1904)<\/a>
\nForward class (1904)<\/a>
\nPathfinder class (1904)<\/a>
\nSentinel class (1904)<\/a>
\nBoadicea class (1908)<\/a>
\nBlonde class (1910)<\/a>
\nActive class (1911)<\/a>
\n‘Town’ class (1909-1913)<\/a>
\nArethusa class (1913)<\/a>
\n‘C’ class series (1914-1922)<\/a>
\n‘D’ class (1918)<\/a>
\n‘E’ class (1918)<\/a><\/p>\n

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WW1 British Seaplane Carriers<\/a>
\nHMS Ark Royal (1914)<\/a>
\nHMS Campania (1893)<\/a>
\nHMS Argus (1917)<\/a>
\nHMS Furious (1917)<\/a>
\nHMS Vindictive (1918)<\/a>
\nHMS Hermes (1919)<\/a><\/p>\n

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WW1 British Destroyers<\/a>
\nRiver class (1903)<\/a>
\nCricket class (1906)<\/a>
\nTribal class (1907)<\/a>
\nHMS Swift (1907)<\/a>
\nBeagle class (1909)<\/a>
\nAcorn class (1910)<\/a>
\nAcheron class (1911)<\/a>
\nAcasta class (1912)<\/a>
\nLaforey class (1913)<\/a>
\nM\/repeat M class (1914)<\/a>
\nFaulknor class FL (1914)<\/a>
\nT class (1915)<\/a>
\nParker class FL (1916)<\/a>
\nR\/mod R class (1916)<\/a>
\nV class (1917)<\/a>
\nV class FL (1917)<\/a>
\nShakespeare class FL (1917)<\/a>
\nScott class FL (1917)<\/a>
\nW\/mod W class (1917)<\/a>
\nS class (1918)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 British Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\n125ft series (1885)<\/a>
\n140ft series (1892)<\/a>
\n160ft series (1901)<\/a>
\n27-knotters (1894)<\/a>
\n30-knotters (1896)<\/a>
\n33-knotters (1896)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 British Submarines<\/a>
\nNordenfelt Submarines (1885)<\/a>
\nWW1 British Monitors<\/a>
\nFlower class sloops<\/a>
\nBritish Gunboats of WWI<\/a>
\nBritish P-Boats (1915)<\/a>
\nKil class (1917)<\/a>
\nBritish ww1 Minesweepers<\/a>
\nZ-Whaler class patrol crafts<\/a>
\nBritish ww1 CMB<\/a>
\nBritish ww1 Auxiliaries<\/a><\/p>\n

\"French Marine Nationale<\/a><\/strong>
\nWW1 French Battlecruisers (Projects)<\/a>
\nWW1 French Battleships<\/a>
\nCharles Martel class (1891)<\/a>
\nCharlemagne class (1899)<\/a>
\nHenri IV (1899)<\/a>
\nI\u00e9na (1898)<\/a>
\nSuffren (1899)<\/a>
\nR\u00e9publique class (1902)<\/a>
\nLibert\u00e9 class (1904)<\/a>
\nDanton class Battleships (1909)<\/a>
\nCourbet class (1911)<\/a>
\nBretagne class (1914)<\/a>
\nNormandie class battleships (1914)<\/a>
\nLyon class battleships (planned)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 French Cruisers<\/a>
\nDupuy de L\u00f4me (1890)<\/a>
\nAdmiral Charner class (1892)<\/a>
\nPothuau (1895)<\/a>
\nDunois class (1897)<\/a>
\nJeanne d’Arc arm. cruiser (1899)<\/a>
\nGueydon class arm. cruisers (1901)<\/a>
\nDupleix class arm. cruisers (1901)<\/a>
\nGloire class arm. cruisers (1902)<\/a>
\nGambetta class arm. cruisers (1901)<\/a>
\nJules Michelet arm. cruiser (1905)<\/a>
\nErnest Renan arm. cruiser (1905)<\/a>
\nEdgar Quinet class arm. cruisers (1907)<\/a>
\nLamotte Picquet class cruisers (planned)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Cruiser D’Entrecasteaux (1897)<\/a>
\nD\u2019Iberville class (1893)<\/a>
\nJurien de la Gravi\u00e8re (1899)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Seaplane Carrier La Foudre (1895)<\/a>
\nKersaint class sloops (1897)<\/a>
\nWW1 French Destroyers<\/a>
\nWW1 French ASW Escorts<\/a>
\nWW1 French Submarines<\/a>
\nWW1 French Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nWW1 French river gunboats<\/a>
\nWW1 French Motor Boats<\/a>
\nWW1 French Auxiliary Warships<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Japan Nihhon Kaigun<\/a><\/strong>
\nWW1 Japanese Battleships<\/a>
\nIronclad Chin Yen (1882)<\/a>
\nFuji class (1896)<\/a>
\nShikishima class (1898)<\/a>
\nIJN Mikasa (1900)<\/a>
\nKatori class (1905)<\/a>
\nSatsuma class (1906)<\/a>
\nKawachi class (1910)<\/a>
\nFus\u014d class (1915)<\/a>
\nIse class (1917)<\/a>
\nNagato class (1919)<\/a>
\nKaga class (1921)<\/a>
\nKii class (planned)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Tsukuba class BCs (1905)<\/a>
\nIbuki class (1907)<\/a>
\nKong\u014d class (1912)<\/a>
\nAkagi class (planned)<\/a>
\nN\u00b013 class (planned)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Japanese Cruisers<\/a>
\nNaniwa class (1885)<\/a>
\nIJN Unebi (1886)<\/a>
\nMatsushima class (1889)<\/a>
\nIJN Akitsushima (1892)<\/a>
\nSuma class (1895)<\/a>
\nChitose class (1898)<\/a>
\nAsama class (1898)<\/a>
\nIJN Yakumo (1899)<\/a>
\nIJN Adzuma (1899)<\/a>
\nTsushima class (1902)<\/a>
\nIJN Otowa (1903)<\/a>
\nKasuga class (1902)<\/a>
\nIJN Tone (1907)<\/a>
\nYodo class (1907)<\/a>
\nChikuma class (1911)<\/a>
\nTenryu class (1918)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Japanese Destroyers<\/a>
\nWW1 Japanese submarines<\/a>
\nWW1 Japanese Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nWW1 Japanese gunboats<\/a>
\nIJN Wakamiya seaplane carrier (1905)<\/a>
\nNatsushima class minelayers (1911)<\/a>
\nIJN Katsuriki minelayer (1916)<\/a>
\nJapanese WW1 auxiliaries<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Russia Russkiy Flot<\/a><\/strong>
\nWW1 Russian Battleships<\/a>
\nTri Sviatitelia (1894)<\/a>
\nPoltava (1894)<\/a>
\nRostislav (1896)<\/a>
\nPeresviet class (1899)<\/a>
\nPantelimon (1900)<\/a>
\nRetvisan (1900)<\/a>
\nTsesarevich (1901)<\/a>
\nBorodino class (1901)<\/a>
\nPervoswanny class (1908)<\/a>
\nEvstafi class (1910)<\/a>
\nGangut class (1911)<\/a>
\nImperatritsa Mariya class (1913)<\/a>
\nBorodino class battlecruisers (1915)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Russian Cruisers<\/a>
\nRossia class (1896)<\/a>
\nPallada class (1899)<\/a>
\nVariag (1900)<\/a>
\nAskold (1900)<\/a>
\nNovik (1900)<\/a>
\nBogatyr class (1901)<\/a>
\nBayan class (1905)<\/a>
\nRurik (1906)<\/a>
\nBoyarin (1901)<\/a>
\nIzmurud (1903)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Russian Destroyers<\/a>
\nWW1 Russian Submarines<\/a>
\nWW1 Russian TBs (1899-1905)<\/a>
\nAmur class Minelayers (1906)<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Italy Regia Marina<\/a><\/strong>
\nWW1 Italian Battleships<\/a>
\nRe Umberto class (1883)<\/a>
\nAmiraglio Di St Bon class (1897)<\/a>
\nRegina Margherita class (1900)<\/a>
\nRegina Elena class (1904)<\/a>
\nDante Alighieri (1909)<\/a>
\nCavour class (1915)<\/a>
\nDoria class (1916)<\/a>
\nCaracciolo class battleships (1917)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Italian Cruisers<\/a>
\nCalabria (1894)<\/a>
\nAgordat class (1899)<\/a>
\nGaribaldi class (1901)<\/a>
\nItalian Torpedo Cruisers (1886-91)<\/a>
\nMarco Polo (1892)<\/a>
\nNino Bixio class <\/a>
\nPisa class (1907)<\/a>
\nQuarto (1911)<\/a>
\nSan Giorgio class (1907)<\/a>
\nUmbria class (1891)<\/a>
\nVettor Pisani class (1895)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Italian Gunboats<\/a>
\nGovernolo GB (1897)<\/a>
\nBrondolo class (1909)<\/a>
\nSebastiano Caboto (1912)<\/a>
\nApe class (1918)<\/a>
\nErlanno Caboto (1918)<\/a>
\nBafile class (1921)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 Italian Destroyers<\/a>
\nWW1 Italian Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nWW1 Italian Submarines<\/a>
\nWW1 Italian Monitors<\/a>
\nWW1 Italian Minesweepers<\/a>
\nWW1 Italian MAS<\/a>
\nGrillo class tracked torpedo launches<\/a><\/p>\n

✠ Central Empires<\/h4>\n

\"German Kaiserliche Marine<\/a><\/strong>
\nWW1 German Battleships<\/a>
\nSiegfried class (1889)<\/a>
\nBrandenburg class (1892)<\/a>
\nWittelsbach class (1900)<\/a>
\nBraunschweig class (1902)<\/a>
\nKaiser Friedrich III class (1904)<\/a>
\nDeutschland class (1905)<\/a>
\nNassau class (1906)<\/a>
\nHelgoland class (1909)<\/a>
\nKaiser class (1911)<\/a>
\nK\u00f6nig class (1913)<\/a>
\nBayern class battleships (1916)<\/a>
\nSachsen class (launched)<\/a>
\nL20 Alpha (project)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 German Battlecruisers<\/a>
\nSMS Bl\u00fccher (1908)<\/a>
\nVon der Tann (1909)<\/a>
\nMoltke class (1910)<\/a>
\nSeydlitz (1912)<\/a>
\nDerrflinger class (1913)<\/a>
\nHindenburg (1915)<\/a>
\nMackensen class (1917)<\/a>
\nErsatz Yorck class (started)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 German Cruisers<\/a>
\nIrene class (1887)<\/a>
\nBussard class (1890)<\/a>
\nSMS Kaiserin Augusta (1892)<\/a>
\nSMS Gefion (1893)<\/a>
\nSMS Hela (1895)<\/a>
\nVictoria Luise class (1896)<\/a>
\nF\u00fcrst Bismarck (1897)<\/a>
\nGazelle class (1898)<\/a>
\nPrinz Adalbert class (1901)<\/a>
\nPrinz heinrich (1900)<\/a>
\nBremen class (1902)<\/a>
\nK\u00f6nisgberg class (1905)<\/a>
\nRoon class (1905)<\/a>
\nScharnhorst class (1906)<\/a>
\nDresden class (1907)<\/a>
\nNautilus class (1906)<\/a>
\nKolberg class (1908)<\/a>
\nMagdeburg class (1911)<\/a>
\nKarlsruhe class (1912)<\/a>
\nGraudenz class (1914)<\/a>
\nPillau class (1914)<\/a>
\nBrummer class (1915)<\/a>
\nWiesbaden class (1915)<\/a>
\nK\u00f6nigsberg class (1915)<\/a>
\nC\u00f6ln class (1916)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

WW1 German Commerce Raiders<\/a>
\nSMS Seeadler (1888)<\/a>
\nWW1 German Destroyers<\/a>
\nWW1 German Submarines<\/a>
\nWW1 German Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nww1 German gunboats<\/a>
\nww1 German minesweepers<\/a>
\nww1 German MTBs<\/a><\/p>\n

\"austria-hungary KuK Kriesgmarine<\/a><\/strong>
\nMonarch class coastal BS (1895)<\/a>
\nHabsburg class<\/a>
\nHerzherzog Karl class<\/a>
\nRadetzky class (1908)<\/a>
\nSMS Kaiser Karl IV (1898)<\/a>
\nSMS Sankt Georg (1903)<\/a>
\nTegetthoff class (1911)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Zenta class (1897)<\/a>
\nKaiser Franz Joseph I class (1889)<\/a>
\nKaiserin und K\u00f6nigin Maria Theresia<\/a>
\nAdmiral Spaun\/Novara<\/a>
\nPanther class (1885)<\/a>
\nZara class (1880)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Austro-Hungarian Destroyers<\/a>
\nAustro-Hungarian Submarines<\/a>
\nAustro-Hungarian Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nVersuchsgleitboot<\/a><\/p>\n

\"turkey Osmanli Donmanasi<\/a><\/strong> Barbarossa class battleships (1892)<\/a>
\nYavuz (1914)<\/a>
\n Cruiser Mecidieh (1903)<\/a>
\n Cruiser Hamidieh (1903)<\/a>
\n Cruiser Midilli (1914)<\/a>
\n Namet Torpedo cruisers (1890)<\/a>
\n Sahahani Deria Torpedo cruisers (1892)<\/a>
\n Destroyers class Berk-Efshan (1894)<\/a>
\n Destroyers class Yarishar (1907)<\/a>
\n Destroyers class Muavenet (1909)<\/a>
\n Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906)<\/a>
\n Marmaris gunboat (1903)<\/a>
\n Sedd ul Bahr class gunboats (1907)<\/a>
\n Isa Reis class gunboats (1911)<\/a>
\n Preveze class gunboats (1912)<\/a>
\n Turkish WW1 Torpedo Boats <\/a>
\n Turkish Armed Yachts (1861-1903)<\/a>
\n Turkish WW1 Minelayers <\/a><\/p>\n

⚑ Neutral Countries<\/h4>\n

\"Americas\" Americas<\/a><\/strong>
\n\"Argentinian Argentina<\/a>
\n\tAlm. Brown Corvette (1880)<\/a>
\n\tCruiser Patagonia (1885)<\/a>
\n\tIndependencia class CBC (1890)<\/a>
\n\tCruiser Nueve de Julio (1892)<\/a>
\n\tCruiser Bunenos Aires (1895)<\/a>
\n\tGaribaldi class cruisers (1895)<\/a>
\n\tEspora class TGB (1890)<\/a>
\n\tPatria class TGB (1893)<\/a>
\n\tArgentinian TBs (1880-98)<\/a>\t<\/p>\n

\n

\"Brazilian Brazil<\/a>
\n\tMarsh. Deodoro class (1898)<\/a>
\n\tRiachuelo (1883)<\/a>

\n\tMinas Geraes class (1908)<\/a> <\/p>\n

\n

\tCruiser Alm. Tamandar\u00e9 (1890)<\/a>
\n\tCruiser Republica (1892)<\/a>
\n\tCruiser Alm. Barrozo (1892)<\/a>
\n\tTT Gunboat Talayo (1892)<\/a>
\n\tBrazilian TBs (1879-1893)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Chilean Chile<\/a>
\n\tBS Alm. Latorre (1913)<\/a>
\n\tBS Capitan Prat (1890)<\/a>
\n\tPdt. Errazuriz class (1890)<\/a>
\n\tLima class Cruisers (1880)<\/a>
\n\tBlanco Encalada (1893)<\/a>
\n\tEsmeralda (1894)<\/a>
\n\tMinistro Zenteno (1896)<\/a>
\n\tO’Higgins (1897)<\/a>
\n\tChacabuco (1898)<\/a>
\n\tTGB Almirante Lynch (1890)<\/a>
\n\tTGB Alm. Sampson (1896)<\/a>
\n\tChilean TBs (1880-1902)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Cuban Cuba<\/a>
\nGunboat Baire (1906)<\/a>
\n\t Gunboat Patria (1911)<\/a>
\n\t Diez de octubre class GB (1911)<\/a>
\n\t Sloop Cuba (1911)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Haitian Haiti<\/a>
\n\t Gunboat Dessalines (1883)<\/a>
\n\t GB Toussaint Louverture (1886)<\/a>
\n\t GB Capois la Mort (1893)<\/a>
\n\t GB Crete a Pierot (1895)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Mexican Mexico<\/a>
\n\tCruiser Zatagosa (1891)<\/a>
\n\tGB Plan de Guadalupe (1892)<\/a>
\n\tTampico class GB (1902)<\/a>
\n\tN. Bravo class GB (1903)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Peruvian Peru<\/a>
\n\t Almirante Grau class (1906)<\/a>
\n\t Ferre class subs. (1912)<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\" Europe<\/a><\/strong>
\n\"Bulgarian Bulgaria<\/a>
\nCruiser Nadezhda (1898)<\/a>
\nDrski class TBs (1906)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Danish Denmark<\/a>
\nSkjold class (1896)<\/a>
\nHerluf Trolle class (1899)<\/a>
\nHerluf Trolle (1908)<\/a>
\nNiels Iuel (1918)<\/a>
\nHekla class cruisers (1890)<\/a>
\nValkyrien class cruisers (1888)<\/a>
\nFyen class crusiers (1882)<\/a>
\nDanish TBs (1879-1918)<\/a>
\nDanish Submarines (1909-1920)<\/a>
\nDanish Minelayer\/sweepers<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Greek Greece<\/a>
\nKilkis class<\/a>
\nGiorgios Averof class<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Dutch Netherlands<\/a>
\nEversten class (1894)<\/a>
\nKonigin Regentes class (1900)<\/a>
\nDe Zeven Provincien (1909)<\/a>
\nDutch dreadnought (project)<\/a>
\nHolland class cruisers (1896)<\/a>
\nFret class destroyers<\/a>
\nDutch Torpedo boats<\/a>
\nDutch gunboats<\/a>
\nDutch submarines<\/a>
\nDutch minelayers<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Norwegian Norway<\/a>
\nNorge class (1900)<\/a>
\nHaarfarge class (1897)<\/a>
\nNorwegian Monitors<\/a>
\nCr. Frithjof (1895)<\/a>
\nCr. Viking (1891)<\/a>
\nDD Draug (1908)<\/a>
\nNorwegian ww1 TBs<\/a>
\nNorwegian ww1 Gunboats<\/a>
\nSub. Kobben (1909)<\/a>
\nMl. Fr\u00f6ya (1916)<\/a>
\nMl. Glommen (1917)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Portuguese Portugal<\/a>
\n Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)<\/a>
\n Cruiser Adamastor (1896)<\/a>
\n Sao Gabriel class (1898)<\/a>
\n Cruiser Dom Carlos I (1898)<\/a>
\n Cruiser Rainha Dona Amelia (1899)<\/a>
\n Portuguese ww1 Destroyers<\/a>
\n Portuguese ww1 Submersibles<\/a>
\n Portuguese ww1 Gunboats<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Romanian Romania<\/a>
\nElisabeta (1885)<\/a>
\n\"Spanish Spain<\/a>
\n
\nEspa\u00f1a class Battleships (1912)<\/a>
\nVelasco class (1885)<\/a>
\nIronclad Pelayo (1887)<\/a>
\nAlfonso XII class (1887)<\/a>
\nCataluna class (1896)<\/a>
\nPlata class (1898)<\/a>
\nEstramadura class (1900)<\/a>
\nReina Regentes class (1906)<\/a>
\nSpanish Destroyers<\/a>
\nSpanish Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nSpanish Sloops\/Gunboats<\/a>
\nSpanish Submarines<\/a>
\nSpanish Armada 1898<\/a>
\n\"Swedish Sweden<\/a>
\nSvea classs (1886)<\/a>
\nOden class (1896)<\/a>
\nDristigheten (1900)<\/a>
\n\u00c4ran class (1901)<\/a>
\nOscar II (1905)<\/a>
\nSverige class (1915)<\/a>
\nJ. Ericsson class (1865)<\/a>
\nGerda class (1871)<\/a>
\nBerserk (1873)<\/a>
\nHMS Fylgia (1905)<\/a>
\nClas Fleming class (1912)<\/a>
\nSwedish Torpedo cruisers<\/a>
\nSwedish destroyers<\/a>
\nSwedish Torpedo Boats<\/a>
\nSwedish gunboats<\/a>
\nSwedish submarines<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\" Asia<\/a><\/strong>
\n\"Chinese China<\/a><\/p>\n

Dingyuan class Ironclads (1881)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Fu Po class Cruisers (1870)<\/a>
\nHai Ching class (1874)<\/a>
\nWei Yuan class (1878)<\/a>
\nChao Yung class (1880)<\/a>
\nNan T’an class (1883)<\/a>
\nPao Min (1885)<\/a>
\nKing Ching class (1885)<\/a>
\nTung Chi class (1895)<\/a>
\nHai Yung class (1897)<\/a>
\nHai Tien class (1898)<\/a>
\nChao Ho class (1911)<\/a>
\nGunboats (1867-1918)<\/a>
\nTorpedo gunboats (1891-1900)<\/a>
\nDestroyers (1906-1912)<\/a>
\nTorpedo boats (1883-1902)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"Thai Thailand<\/a>
\nMaha Chakri (1892)<\/a>
\nThoon Kramon (1866)<\/a>
\nMakrut Rajakumarn (1883)<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

⚏ WW1 3rd\/4th rank navies<\/a><\/strong>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"battles Naval battles of the Great War<\/h2>\n

List of naval actions and battles, by chronological order<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n